The article tackles the need for changing agricultural policies in India, focusing on subsidies for fertilizer and electricity for irrigation. These subsidies helped boost farming in the past but are now criticized for favoring big farmers, straining the country's finances, and harming the environment. The researchers studied why these policies haven't changed and identified electoral issues, institutions, and beliefs as barriers to reform. They suggest solutions like involving communities in policy decisions, building new alliances for change, and using research for better decision-making. By addressing these challenges, India can improve agricultural policies to benefit smaller farmers and the environment.