China's agricultural land is decreasing, so the government is encouraging land transfers to improve efficiency. A study looked at data from 30 provinces between 2000-2017. They found that provinces gaining land are more efficient than those losing land, showing a serious land shortage. More land leads to higher output, but losing land reduces income for farmers. This means recent land transfers hurt farmers' interests. The study suggests reforms to improve land use, urban-rural development, and rural growth in China.