The article discusses how early retirement and longer lifespans are increasing retirement costs. It explores why social security systems struggle with early retirement and suggests reforms to address this issue. The authors show that social security rules can influence when people retire and discuss ways to measure these effects. They argue that policies discouraging older workers from staying in the workforce do not necessarily create more jobs for younger workers. The authors also highlight how the gap between salaries and productivity can lead to older workers being pushed out of their jobs.