The study looked at how adding rice straw and nitrogen fertilizer to rice-wheat fields in north-western India affects crop growth, soil health, and economic returns. They found that using 120 kg of nitrogen per hectare along with 7.5 Mg of rice straw per year led to the best results in terms of crop yields, nitrogen use efficiency, and profits. This combination also improved soil enzyme activity and reduced the need for burning straw, which can harm the environment. Overall, adding the right amount of nitrogen and rice straw can help farmers in this region grow more crops, make more money, and protect the land for future generations.