The international system is shifting towards a multipolar world, but the concept of balance of power is facing criticism. Researchers tested seven refined ideas related to balance of power using data from 1870 to 1881. The rules of balance of power were not followed, alliances caused less cooperation, and historical periodization was inaccurate. However, the findings supported the idea behind structural balance theory. This suggests that understanding how systems function in the past can help us prepare for similar situations in the future.