Livestock farming in Central Asia has the potential for growth due to increasing consumer demand and unused pasture reserves. However, production is divided among small household producers, family farms, and large but inefficient enterprises. This leads to a preference for imported livestock products by some processors. Kazakhstan has better export prospects due to international agreements and favorable slaughter and animal health arrangements. Winter fodder shortages have limited livestock productivity since the 1990s, with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan making progress in domestic fodder production. Government policies often favor large producers over small ones, impacting subsidies and land access. Improved public services and support for cooperatives could help livestock producers increase their value.