The study looked at how using renewable energy affects carbon emissions in Turkey from 1960 to 2010. They also considered factors like economic growth, population density, and trade openness. The researchers found that renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on carbon emissions in the long run. They also discovered that there is a positive relationship between carbon emissions and the other factors in the long run. Additionally, they found that trade openness and population density have a bi-directional relationship with carbon emissions, while economic growth and renewable energy consumption have a one-way relationship with carbon emissions in the long run.