A long-term study on rice farming found that using green manure like milk vetch, oil rapeseed, and ryegrass during the winter-fallow period increased rice yield and improved soil fertility. The green manure treatments boosted soil organic matter, nitrogen, and available nutrients like potassium and phosphorus. Among the green manure options, milk vetch had the best results for soil health and rice yield. This research suggests that incorporating green manure into rice farming rotations can enhance productivity and sustainability in agriculture.