The study looked at the relationship between energy use, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in six oil-exporting countries from the GCC region. They used a special test to see if one thing causes another. The results showed that economic growth and energy use affect each other in Bahrain, while in the United Arab Emirates and Qatar, economic growth affects energy use. CO2 emissions have a reverse effect on GDP in Bahrain and Kuwait. And in the United Arab Emirates, there is a two-way relationship between CO2 emissions and energy use.