Smallholder farmers in Northern Tanzania were studied to see how well maize and pigeonpea crops grow together. The researchers found that factors like plant density, years of cultivation, slope of the land, weeding, soil fertility, and fertilizer use all affect crop yields. Maize yields were higher on flat or gently sloping fields with more plants, especially when fertilizer was used. Pigeonpea yields were better with higher plant density. By using organic and inorganic nutrients, weeding, and optimizing plant density, farmers can improve the productivity of their maize-pigeonpea intercrops.