Straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilization were studied to improve crop yield and soil health in the Loess Plateau of China. The researchers found that adding straw to the soil increased grain yield and nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen fertilization also boosted yield, but too much nitrogen led to inefficient use and potential environmental issues like leaching. Straw incorporation helped prevent nitrogen leaching and kept nitrate levels in the soil at optimal levels for maize growth. Overall, combining straw incorporation with moderate nitrogen fertilization can increase crop productivity while minimizing environmental impact.