The article explores how different features of bony tongue fish relate to their reproduction and sexual competition. Bony tongue fish have unique reproductive traits like unusual gonads and sperm without tails. Some families have internal fertilization structures but still use external fertilization. These fish also show a wide variety of parental care behaviors. Researchers suggest that these traits reflect adaptations to sperm competition and sexual selection. By studying bony tongue fish, scientists can understand how these factors influence fish reproductive behavior, sperm characteristics, fertilization methods, courtship, and parental care. These fish may represent the genetic diversity that helped teleost fishes evolve and adapt successfully.