The study looked at how reducing greenhouse gases can affect the economy and environment using different substitution elasticities. Countries that don't reduce emissions have a slightly higher GDP than those that do. The ease of switching to different products from other regions plays a big role. The movement of capital between countries also has a big impact on GDP. Depending on how easily we can switch from fossil fuels, the amount of leakage of emissions can vary. Higher elasticity means less leakage.