Nickel mining devastates soil fertility, threatens plant growth in East Halmahera.
Soil fertility on land after nickel mining changes due to soil texture alterations, affecting plant growth. Physical properties like soil plasticity and permeability are impacted, leading to low acidity and decreased cation exchange capacity. Reclaimed land with vegetation like acacia, sengon, ketapang, and waru shows very low fertility with low organic matter and available phosphorus content. Rainfall intensity also plays a role in soil fertility.