Climate change and land use affect water processes in the Loess Plateau, China. The study used SWAT and stats to see how climate and land use changes impact surface water. Results show rising temperature and evapotranspiration, slightly lower rainfall, and more runoff in flooding periods. Converting farmland to forest/grassland reduced runoff. Land use change affects soil water in upstream areas, while climate change dominates downstream. Evapotranspiration is more sensitive to land use change than climate change. Vegetation restoration increased evapotranspiration by 209%. Climate mainly affects runoff, while land use affects evapotranspiration. Understanding these impacts can help manage water resources in the region.