The article compares how India and the USA have grown their manufacturing industries from 1985 to 2007. It looks at what factors contribute to the growth of output in these industries, like using resources efficiently and technological progress. The researchers found that technological improvements play a big role in increasing productivity over time. They also found that the rate of growth in the manufacturing sector depends on how well resources are used and if there are economies of scale. By studying these factors, we can understand how different countries have developed their industries and improved their living standards.