Groundwater depletion threatens Jakarta's economic sustainability.
Groundwater recharge in the Jakarta Groundwater Basin was estimated using water budget and water table fluctuation methods. The study found that groundwater recharge ranged from 209 to 885 mm/year, with the highest recharge in Bogor and the lowest in Kemayoran. Only 8-15% of annual rainfall is converted into groundwater recharge in the study area. The water table fluctuation method estimated groundwater recharge at 240 mm/year. Factors like geology, land use, and climate variations influence the recharge amount. Effective groundwater management is crucial for sustainable development and conservation in the Jakarta groundwater basin.