Vegetation restoration on steep gully slopes in China's Loess Plateau effectively reduces runoff and soil erosion. Shrub communities are better at reducing erosion, while grass communities, especially those with tap root systems, are better at controlling runoff. Rainfall amount, intensity, plant coverage, and litter density are key factors influencing runoff and erosion. Grass communities with tap root systems are recommended for restoring vegetation on steep gully slopes in arid and semi-arid regions.