Long-term phosphorus application in maize-wheat rotation systems increases crop yield and phosphorus uptake. The study found that maize and wheat showed higher yields and phosphorus uptake with phosphorus application. Phosphorus utilization efficiency was better in corn than in wheat, and decreased with higher phosphorus application rates in wheat. Soil without phosphorus application had a phosphorus deficit, while soil with phosphorus application showed a surplus. Optimal phosphorus application rates for wheat and maize in Hebei soil can ensure high crop yield, maintain phosphorus efficiency, and reduce environmental risks.