The study looked at how economic growth affects environmental degradation in Indonesia. They found that as the economy grows, environmental degradation initially increases but then decreases, forming a U-shaped curve. Factors like energy consumption and education level play a role in this relationship. Income inequality doesn't have a significant impact. In the short term, economic growth and energy consumption increase environmental degradation, while education has no effect. Over time, education becomes a positive influence. Export activities have a positive impact in the short term but not in the long term.