The article compares the profitability of growing rice and wheat using different irrigation systems in Haryana. The researchers collected data from 300 farming households in Karnal district. They found that larger farms invest more in inputs like seeds and fertilizers, but smaller farms spend less on irrigation. Small farmers have lower yields than larger ones, but all farmers make similar profits from wheat. Rice cultivation costs more than wheat, especially in areas with water scarcity. Farmers using mixed irrigation systems earn the highest profits. Rising costs and falling incomes are big challenges for farmers in Haryana due to land degradation and water depletion.