The researchers studied different ways to control weeds in dry direct-seeded rice fields in India. They found that using a combination of herbicides and manual weeding reduced weed density and biomass, leading to better rice growth and higher grain yield. The most common weed was Echinochloa colona. Not controlling weeds resulted in a significant loss of rice yield. Applying pendimethalin before planting and manual weeding either once or three times gave the best economic return in this type of rice farming.