The article explores how urbanization affects the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. By analyzing data from 134 countries, the researchers found that urbanization strengthens the link between economic growth and carbon emissions and ecological footprint. They also discovered that trade openness and natural resource rents increase environmental pressure, while population aging and renewable energy help improve the environment. The study shows that different income groups have varying impacts on the environment, with high-income countries experiencing different trends compared to lower-middle-income countries.