The study looked at how salt, alkali, and drought stresses affect the growth and photosynthesis of Hordeum jubatum seedlings when water potential is kept the same. They found that alkali stress had the most damaging effects on the seedlings, while salt stress was better tolerated. The decrease in photosynthetic activity was mainly due to stomatal factors under salt stress, and non-stomatal factors under drought and alkali stresses. Chlorophyll levels decreased and carotenoid levels slightly increased under all stresses, with alkali stress causing the most significant changes. The seedlings' ability to protect themselves from damage caused by high pH was most affected by alkali stress. Overall, Hordeum jubatum is more tolerant to salt stress compared to drought and alkali stresses.