The article estimates how changes in capital and labor affect the economy's overall output. By looking at industry-specific costs, the researchers found that the elasticity of GDP with respect to capital ranged from 0.18 to 0.33 in the U.S. from 1948 to 1995, and increased to 0.21 to 0.39 from 1995 to 2018. Excluding certain sectors or adjusting for intellectual property ownership affected these estimates. Similar patterns were seen in other OECD countries from 2005 to 2015. These findings suggest that total factor productivity growth estimates may actually be lower than previously thought.