The study looked at how cities are changing the land in the upper Deme watershed in Southwest Ethiopia. Using satellite images and computer analysis, the researchers found that from 1986 to 2019, more land was used for buildings, bare ground, and farming, while less land was left as water, forests, and grass. This shift in land use affected how people work and live in the area. Over time, a significant amount of bare land, cropland, forests, grasslands, and water bodies were turned into urban areas, showing how urban growth impacts the economy, society, and environment in the upper Deme watershed.