The spacing and nitrogen levels for African marigold plants were studied to see how they affect growth, flowering, and yield. The researchers found that a spacing of 40 × 30 cm and a nitrogen dose of 400 kg/ha led to the best results. These conditions resulted in more branches, taller plants, more leaves, longer flower stalks, larger flowers, and higher yields. Overall, the plants grew better and produced more flowers when spaced closer together and given a higher amount of nitrogen.