The study analyzed how the shape and size of circular steel pipes with flange plates affect the force needed to push them underground. By considering how the pipes interact with the soil, the researchers developed equations to accurately calculate this force. They tested their equations on a subway station construction project in China and found them to be reliable. The position of the flange plate and the diameter of the steel pipe were found to influence the pressure exerted by the soil on the pipe. This information can help engineers design better structures and improve construction practices.