New study reveals hidden time-lagged spatial effects in socio-economic phenomena
Spatial dependence in socio-economic phenomena can be both immediate and time-delayed. Researchers used three statistical tests to determine if this effect occurs simultaneously in the first-order spatial autoregressive model. The tests can identify whether spatial dependence is only immediate, only time-delayed, or both. Simulation results show that these tests are effective in detecting the structure of spatial dependence in most cases.