The chapter discusses the difference between two types of equality, arguing that true justice requires equalizing material outcomes. It challenges the idea that formal equality alone is enough for justice, suggesting that more state interventions are needed to achieve racial equity. The chapter criticizes the dominant view that equality is crucial for social justice, rejecting a specific definition of 'public reason' as the basis for justice. It emphasizes that formal equality, as understood in the classical concept of justice, is essential for the rule of law.