The article talks about how climate change affects countries differently, with developing nations like Pakistan facing big challenges. Researchers say there are two ways to deal with this: reduce carbon emissions and adjust to climate changes. The United Nations made the Kyoto Protocol to help with reducing carbon emissions, and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a part of this. In Pakistan, the CDM was established to encourage businesses to trade in carbon credits to reduce emissions. Private companies also started helping with this. Pakistan agreed to the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and got to work on it in 2005 by setting up the necessary infrastructure for carbon trading.