In this study, researchers looked at how different types of buildings and land uses cluster together in three-dimensional spaces, not just on flat surfaces. They developed a new method called "JOIN" to measure clustering patterns in 3D environments. By comparing actual clustering to a standardized random pattern, they were able to show that JOIN can effectively capture clustering in 3D spaces. The researchers also found that adding features like sky decks between buildings can significantly influence how buildings cluster vertically. Their simulations revealed that sky decks on certain floors can either increase or decrease clustering tendencies in different parts of a building. Overall, the study demonstrates how JOIN can help analyze and understand the arrangement of buildings and land uses in three-dimensional settings.