The researchers studied how different irrigation methods and nitrogen fertilization timings affect maize growth and yield. They tested center pivot, subsurface drip, and surface irrigation with various nitrogen application schedules. They found that maize yield, leaf area, and plant height were influenced by the irrigation levels and methods. Maize grown with non-traditional nitrogen application methods had higher yields compared to traditional methods. Center pivot and subsurface drip irrigation resulted in higher leaf area compared to surface irrigation. Overall, the highest maize yields were observed with non-traditional nitrogen application under center pivot and subsurface drip irrigation.