The article discusses how the caste system in modern Hinduism is a challenge. Progress has been made in allowing women and lower castes to access Vedic scriptures, which were previously restricted. Scholars like Swami Vivekananda and Govinda Das criticized the caste system. Jyotiba Phule, E. V. Ramasami Naicker, and B. R. Ambedkar also critiqued it. The focus is on promoting social justice within Hinduism.