Bread wheat is an important crop worldwide, especially in Ethiopia. Genetic diversity is crucial for breeding better wheat varieties with higher yields, quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. Genetic variability refers to differences in genes or DNA sequences, while genetic diversity includes all variations among different wheat types. By measuring genetic distance, scientists can compare the genetic differences between wheat varieties. Different traits in bread wheat contribute differently to genetic variability. Understanding heritability helps in knowing how genetic traits are passed down in wheat and other crops.