Small-scale farmers in southern Mexico face challenges in achieving stable grain yields due to complex factors. Researchers studied maize cropping systems in the region to understand what influences grain yield variability. They found that soil characteristics play a significant role in determining grain yield, with traditional and conventional cropping systems showing different patterns. Surprisingly, common agronomic practices like pesticide and fertiliser use did not consistently improve grain yield. Instead, factors like plant density and cultural practices had a greater impact on crop productivity. This suggests that current agricultural management practices may not be effectively supporting sustainable maize production in the region.