The article shows that forecast systems can have errors in predicting long-term weather due to misrepresenting processes in the upper atmosphere. These errors include making the stratosphere too warm, having excessively cold wind patterns around the poles, and incorrect temperatures in certain atmospheric regions. The study discovered that models often struggle to forecast extreme vortex events accurately, like sudden stratospheric warming. In the Northern Hemisphere, systems generally miss the timing of these events, while in the Southern Hemisphere, they tend to happen too soon in many predictions. Models with lower atmospheric boundaries also tend to underestimate factors that affect the strength of the polar vortex. Fixing these errors could help improve long-range weather predictions by considering how the stratosphere influences surface weather over weeks to months.