The article discusses financial options, which are agreements to buy or sell assets at a set price in the future. These options allow people to bet on whether asset values will go up or down. The value of an option depends on the asset it's linked to, like stocks or currencies. Options are traded between two parties, with one setting the terms and the other buying the option. The key focus is on calculating the fair price of an option. Different types of options exist, but the article focuses on standard ones.