The researchers developed a new fuzzy clustering algorithm called Meskat-Mahmudul (MM) to automatically determine the number of clusters in gene expression data. This algorithm improves clustering accuracy and efficiency by handling missing values, noise, and outliers. They also introduced an enhanced version called Meskat-Mahmudul Extended K-Means (MMK) to improve cluster discovery and placement. The algorithms were tested against traditional methods and were found to be more effective in terms of time complexity and clustering efficiency.