The study looked at how different nutrient deficiencies affect the lignification process in corn roots. They tested nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus deficiencies on young corn plants for 12 days. The researchers found that each deficiency impacted lignification differently. Nitrogen deficiency led to the most intense lignification, while sulfur and phosphorus deficiencies also increased lignification. The deficiencies also affected the root's energy characteristics, with increased oxygen consumption and lower ATP levels, especially during nitrogen deficiency. Enzyme activity related to lignin formation was also influenced by the deficiencies. Overall, the study showed that nutrient deficiencies can alter lignification and root energy characteristics in corn plants.