The article discusses different types of financial instruments like stocks and bonds. It explains how statistical analysis is used to study stock markets. There are various kinds of bonds, such as zero-coupon bonds, coupon paying bonds, callable bonds, and floating rate bonds. Zero-coupon bonds give a lump sum at maturity, while coupon bonds make regular payments. Callable bonds allow the issuer to buy back the bond. Floating rate bonds adjust their rates based on inflation. The article also talks about using data sets to show how prices are sampled.