The article discusses the threats to freshwater biodiversity, such as human activities and climate change, and the lack of attention from conservation efforts. Engineered nanomaterials and climate change are major threats to aquatic species, with nanoparticles affecting fish health and calcium degradation harming freshwater biodiversity. Monitoring species diversity, population, water quality, and habitat is crucial for conservation. More research and specialized policies are needed to protect freshwater ecosystems and species.