Rice-based cropping systems in India are important for food security, but soil quality has been declining. A study in the hot sub-humid eco-region of India looked at different soil indicators in long-term rice-based systems. They found that soil moisture content and pH were key indicators affecting soil quality and rice yields. Vertisols had higher soil quality than Inceptisols, and cropping systems with legumes like chickpea and lathyrus had better soil quality and productivity. Assessing soil quality can help identify the best practices for sustainable cultivation.