Earthworms play a crucial role in improving soil fertility for agriculture. Their burrowing and feeding activities enhance soil quality by increasing aeration, water movement, and nutrient cycling. Earthworms create channels in the soil that improve root development and increase the availability of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth. Their excrement, or casts, contain beneficial microorganisms that further support plant growth. Overall, earthworms contribute to sustainable soil productivity and ecosystem function by cycling nutrients and enhancing soil structure.