The article "A History of Islamic Societies" explores the beginnings and transformations of Islamic civilizations worldwide. It covers pre-Islamic late antiquity, the early Islamic empires, and the diffusion of Islam. The history is divided into four parts: pre-Islamic era, Islamic communities and states in the Middle East, Islamic societies in North Africa, Spain, Asia, and Africa, and the impact of European domination on Islamic societies. The article traces the development of modern national states and the Islamic revival from the early 19th century to the present day.