Improving energy efficiency in industries is a good way to save energy and reduce emissions. But sometimes, when we make things more efficient, people end up using more energy anyway, which lessens the savings. In Sweden, researchers studied this rebound effect in manufacturing industries from 1997 to 2008. They found that in the short term, the rebound effect reduced the expected energy and emission savings. However, in the long term, the savings were bigger than in the short term. This information can help policymakers figure out which industries can grow sustainably while causing less harm to the environment.