Japan's Middle East policy has evolved over time, focusing on energy security and a unique principle of non-use of force. Despite not always aligning with US requests, Japan has maintained relative autonomy in its diplomacy with Middle Eastern countries. The policy is based on practical internationalism, with five different diplomatic orientations identified within Japan's policy-making circle. Key findings include high favorability of Japan among diplomatic experts in Egypt, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, and seven features of Japan's Middle East policy stemming from practical internationalism.