The researchers wanted to make buffalo sperm more resilient to freezing. They added a substance called propolis-loaded nanoliposomes to the sperm preservative. These tiny propolis laced particles were found to improve sperm quality and protect it from damage during the freezing process. The sperm treated with 2 micrograms of propolis-loaded nanoliposomes showed the best results, with higher motility and stronger membranes. This group also had lower levels of harmful substances in the sperm. In addition, genes related to sperm cell death were less active in this group compared to others. The researchers observed that using propolis-loaded nanoliposomes at the right concentration can help keep buffalo sperm healthy during freezing, preserving their structure and function better than standard methods.