In a 24-year study from an Italian semen bank, scientists looked at how well sperm freezing works for men with low sperm count, cancer, and other health issues compared to healthy donors. They found that the quality of the semen before freezing affects how well it survives the process. Men with medical conditions had lower success rates than healthy donors in getting viable sperm back after freezing. If initial sperm count was very low, recovery rates were close to zero. The highest success rates were seen in samples from healthy donors. This study suggests that the type of medical condition a man has can impact how well his sperm survives freezing and that initial semen quality plays a critical role in sperm recovery after freezing.