The study looked at different safflower plants to see how they vary in traits related to seed yield. They found that there is a lot of variability in the plants, especially in seed yield, plant height, and number of seeds per plant. Traits like number of seeds per capsule and seed yield showed high variation. The researchers also found that seed yield is influenced by both genes and the environment. Hull content, volume weight, and 100 seed weight were strongly linked to seed yield. Volume weight had a big direct impact on seed yield, and its indirect effects through hull content and 100 seed weight were also significant. The main factors contributing to genetic differences in the plants were oil content, days to flowering, and number of seeds per capsule.